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Why is the measured tip temperature lower than the set temperature?
Important points are maintenance of the soldering iron and measuring instrument and using the correct measurement method.
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Check 1 Are the tip, element cover, nut, etc. oxidized?
Check 2 Is the tip shape changed?
Check 3 Has the sensor of the thermometer deteriorated? (In the case of HAKKO-manufactured contact-type measuring instruments)
Check 4 Are the batteries low on power?
Check 5 Is the correct measurement method suitable for the measuring instrument being performed?

Check 4. Are the batteries low on power?

If batteries are low on power, the display may show errors.

In the case of HAKKO FG-100
If batteries are low on power, the display may show errors.
In the upper picture on the left the screen displays the room temperature of 22ºC.
When batteries are running out of power “B” mark will appear on the screen as circled in red in the picture AS shown in the lower picture when the “B” mark is on the screen it may display the temperature nearly 100ºC higher than the actual room temperature.
And the screen display will gradually fade out and eventually will disappear as the batteries run out.

In the case of HAKKO 191
If batteries are low on power, the display may show errors.
The above photo shows the display when 23ºC of the room temperature was measured.
When batteries are low on power, the "B" mark will be lit at the position indicated by the arrow in the photo.
If batteries are further consumed, an extremely-low temperature or minus temperature will be displayed as shown in the lower photo.
The indications will gradually become lighter and finally no indications will be displayed.
Meanwhile, a temperature higher than the actual temperature by approx. 100ºC will be displayed in some cases.
Replace it with a new battery before measuring the temperature again.
If the temperature is still shown lower, confirm the details in Checks 1 through 3 and 5.